Unified platform for monitoring and control of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients

ABSTRACT

A flexible system for utilizing data from different monitoring techniques and capable of providing assistance to patients with diabetes at several scalable levels, ranging from advice about long-term trends and prognosis to real-time automated closed-loop control (artificial pancreas). These scalable monitoring and treatment strategies are delivered by a unified system called the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) platform. The system provides a foundation for implementation of various monitoring, advisory, and automated diabetes treatment algorithms or methods. The DiAs recommendations are tailored to the specifics of an individual patient, and to the patient risk assessment at any given moment.

GOVERNMENT RIGHTS

This invention was made with government support under Grant No. DK085623 awarded by The National Institute of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Diabetes mellitus (DM), often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high glucose levels in the blood (i.e. hyperglycemia), either because the body does not produce enough insulin (Type 1 DM or T1DM), or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced (Type 2 DM or T2DM). Intensive treatment with insulin and with oral medications to maintain nearly normal levels of glycemia (i.e. euglycemia) markedly reduces chronic complications in both T1DM and T2DM [1,2,3], but may risk symptomatic hypoglycemia and potentially life-threatening severe hypoglycemia. Therefore, hypoglycemia has been identified as the primary barrier to optimal diabetes management [4,5]. People with T1DM and T2DM face a lifelong optimization problem: to maintain strict glycemic control without increasing their risk for hypoglycemia. However, the struggle for close glycemic control could result in large blood glucose (BG) fluctuations over time. This process is influenced by many external factors, including the timing and amount of insulin injected, food eaten, physical activity, etc. In other words, BG fluctuations in diabetes are the measurable result of the interactions of a complex and dynamic biological system, influenced by many internal and external factors.

The optimization of this system depends largely on self-treatment behavior, which has to be informed by glucose monitoring and has to utilize data and technology available in the field. The currently accessible data sources include self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), as well as assessment of symptoms and self-treatment practices. The available treatments include medication (exclusively for T2DM), multiple daily insulin injections (MDI), and insulin pumps (CSII—continuous subcutaneous insulin injection). Currently, these treatments are at various stages of development and clinical acceptance, with SMBG now a routine practice, CGM rapidly developing, and emerging integrated systems that combine CGM with CSII and pave the way for the artificial pancreas of the near future.

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

Contemporary home BG meters offer convenient means for frequent and accurate BG determinations through SMBG [6,7]. Most meters are capable of storing BG readings (typically over 150 readings) and have interfaces to download these readings into a computing device such a PC. The meters are usually accompanied by software that has capabilities for basic data analysis (e.g. calculation of mean BG, estimates of the average BG over the previous two weeks, percentages in target, hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic zones, etc.), logging of the data, and graphical representations of the BG data (e.g. histograms, pie charts, etc.). In a series of studies we have shown that specific risk analysis of SMBG data could also capture long-term trends towards increased risk for hypoglycemia [8,9,10], and could identify 24-hour periods of increased risk for hypoglycemia [11,12]. The basics of the risk analysis are presented below. The methods outlined here have been applied to both SMBG and CGM data.

Evaluating Risk for Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia: These methods are based on the concept of Risk Analysis of BG data [13], and on the recognition of a specific asymmetry of the BG measurement scale that can be corrected by a mathematical data transformation [14]. The risk analysis steps are as follows:

1. Symmetrization of the BG scale: A nonlinear transformation is applied to the BG measurements scale to map the entire BG range (20 to 600 mg/dl, or 1.1 to 33.3 mmol/l) to a symmetric interval. The BG value of 112.5 mg/dl (6.25 mmol/l) is mapped to zero, corresponding to zero risk for hypo- or hyperglycemia. The analytical form of this transformation is f(BG,α,β)=[(In (BG))^(α)−β], α, β>0, where the parameters are estimated as α=1.084,β=5.381, γ=1.509, if BG is measured in mg/dl and α=1.026, β=1.861, γ=1.794 if BG is measured in mmol/l [14].

2. Assignment of a risk value to each SMBG reading: We define the quadratic risk function r(BG)=10f(BG)². The function r(BG) ranges from 0 to 100. Its minimum value is achieved at BG=112.5 mg/dl (a safe euglycemic BG reading), while its maximum is reached at the extreme ends of the BG scale. Thus, r(BG) can be interpreted as a measure of the risk associated with a certain BG level. The left branch of this parabola identifies the risk of hypoglycemia, while the right branch identifies the risk of hyperglycemia.

3. Computing measures of risk for hypoglycemia and glucose variability: Let x₁, x₂, . . . x_(n) be a series of n BG readings, and let rl(BG)=r(BG) if f(BG)<0 and 0 otherwise; rh(BG)=r(BG) if f(BG)>0 and 0 otherwise. Then the Low Blood Glucose Index (LBGI) is computed as:

${LBGI} = {\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{{rl}\left( x_{i} \right)}}}$

In other words, the LBGI is a non-negative quantity that increases when the number and/or extent of low BG readings increases. In studies, the LBGI typically accounted for 40-55% of the variance of future significant hypoglycemia in the subsequent 3-6 months [8,9,10], which made it a potent predictor of hypoglycemia based on SMBG. Similarly, we compute the High Blood Glucose Index (HBGI) as follows:

${HBGI} = {\frac{1}{n}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}{r{h\left( x_{i} \right)}}}}$

The HBGI is a non-negative quantity that increases when the number and/or extent of high BG readings increases.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Since the advent of continuous glucose monitoring technology 10 years ago [15,16,17], which initially had limited performance particularly in the hypoglycemic range [18,19], significant progress has been made towards versatile and reliable CGM devices that not only monitor the entire course of BG day and night, but also provide feedback to the patient, such as alarms when BG reaches preset low or high levels. A number of studies have documented the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring [20,21,22,23] and charted guidelines for clinical use and its future as a precursor to closed-loop control [24,25,26,27]. However, while CGM has the potential to revolutionize the control of diabetes, it also generates data streams that are both voluminous and complex. The utilization of such data requires an understanding of the physical, biochemical, and mathematical principles and properties involved in this new technology. It is important to know that CGM devices measure glucose concentration in a different compartment—the interstitium. Interstitial glucose (IG) fluctuations are related to BG presumably via the diffusion process [28,29,30]. To account for the gradient between BG and IG, CGM devices are calibrated with capillary glucose, which brings the typically lower IG concentration to corresponding BG levels. Successful calibration would adjust the amplitude of IG fluctuations with respect to BG, but would not eliminate the possible time lag due to BG-to-IG glucose transport and the sensor processing time (instrument delay). Because such a time lag could greatly influence the accuracy of CGM, a number of studies were dedicated to its investigation, yielding various results [31,32,33,34]. For example, it was hypothesized that if glucose fall is due to peripheral glucose consumption the physiologic time lag would be negative, i.e. fall in IG would precede fall in BG [28,35]. In most studies IG lagged behind BG (most of the time) by 4-10 minutes, regardless of the direction of BG change [30,31]. The formulation of the push-pull phenomenon offered reconciliation of these results and provided arguments for a more complex BG-IG relationship than a simple constant or directional time lag [34,36]. In addition, errors from calibration, loss of sensitivity, and random noise confound CGM data [37]. Nevertheless, the accuracy of CGM is increasing and may be reaching a physiological limit for subcutaneous glucose monitoring [38,39,40].

The Artificial Pancreas

The next step in the progression of diabetes management is automated glucose control, or the artificial pancreas, which links a continuous glucose monitor with an insulin pump. A key element of this combination is a closed-loop control algorithm or method, which monitors blood glucose fluctuations and the actions of the insulin pump, and recommends insulin delivery at appropriate times.

The artificial pancreas idea can be traced back to developments that took place over thirty years ago when the possibility for external BG regulation in people with diabetes had been established by studies using intravenous (i.v.) glucose measurement and i.v. infusion of glucose and insulin. Systems such as the Biostator™ have been introduced and used in hospital settings to maintain normoglycemia (or euglycemia) by exerting both positive (via glucose or glucagon) and negative (via insulin) control [51,52,53,54,55]. Detailed descriptions of the major early designs can be found in [56,57,58,59,60,61]. More work followed, spanning a broader range of BG control techniques, powered by physiologic mathematical modeling and computer simulation control [62,63,64,65]. A review of methods for i.v. glucose control can be found in [66]. However, i.v. closed-loop control remains cumbersome and unsuited for outpatient use. An alternative to extracorporeal i.v. control has been presented by implantable intra-peritoneal (i.p.) systems employing intravenous BG sampling and i.p. insulin delivery [67,68]. The implementation of these systems, however, requires considerable surgery. Thus, with the advent of minimally-invasive subcutaneous (s.c.) CGM, increasing academic and industrial effort has been focused on the development of s.c.-s.c. systems, using CGM coupled with an insulin infusion pump and a control algorithm or method [69,70,71,72]. In September 2006, the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) initiated the Artificial Pancreas Project and funded a consortium of centers to carry closed-loop control research [73]. So far, encouraging pilot results have been reported by several centers [74,75,76,77,78].

Thus, in the past 30 years the monitoring and control of BG levels in diabetes has progressed from assessment of average glycemia once in several months, through daily SMBG, to minutely CGM. The increasing temporal resolution of the monitoring technology has enabled increasingly intensive diabetes treatment, from daily insulin injections or oral medication, through insulin pump therapy, to the artificial pancreas of the near future.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As evident from the discussion above, a multitude of methods exist for BG monitoring and control in diabetes, ranging from traditional SMBG, medication, and MDI treatment, to CGM and artificial pancreas. These methods are currently dissimilar and there is no system that can handle more than one monitoring or control method at a time. An aspect of an embodiment of the present invention introduces the first flexible system capable of utilizing data from different monitoring techniques and capable of providing assistance to patients with diabetes at several scalable levels, ranging from advice about long-term trends and prognosis to real-time automated closed-loop control (artificial pancreas). These scalable monitoring and treatment strategies are delivered by a unified system—named by the present inventors as the Diabetes Assistant (DiAs) platform—that provides a foundation for implementation of various monitoring, advisory, and automated diabetes treatment algorithms or methods. The DiAs recommendations are tailored to the specifics of an individual patient, and to the patient risk assessment at any given moment. Some non-limiting and exemplary unique characteristics of DiAs are:

-   -   Informed by a Body Sensor Network;     -   Modular—layered architecture distributes data processing tasks         across various application modules; individual modules are         easily replaceable;     -   Scalable—naturally support new and expanded functionality,         multiple data sources, and multiple data utilization strategies;     -   Portable—DiAs can run easily on portable computing devices, such         as a cell phone, tablet computer, portal digital assistant         (PDA), etc; thus it is deployable on a wide variety of rugged,         inexpensive, and readily available devices;     -   Local and Global modes of operation—certain processes and         patient interactions are available through the portable device;         other services and remote monitoring of subject and system         states are available via wireless communications (e.g. 3G, WiFi,         etc.).

According to one aspect of the invention, a system is provided for managing glycemic control of a patient, comprising an input module configured to accept input data from one or more of a plurality of diverse blood glucose measurement devices and one or more of a plurality of diverse insulin delivery devices; a data classifier module configured to classify data accepted by said input module and to determine appropriate processing of said input data according to its classification; a patient state estimation module configured to process input data in accordance with at least one data processing algorithm corresponding to the classification of the input data as determined by the data classifier module; a patient risk status module configured to determine a level of risk of said patient with respect to abnormal glycemic states using processed data from said patient state estimation module; and an output module configured to output advisory messages, patient alerts, and control signals for said blood glucose measurement devices and said insulin delivery devices based on the level of risk determined by said patient risk status module.

According to another aspect of the invention, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided containing computer-executable instructions for performing functions to carry out the system.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the DiAs platform inputs and outputs according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of DiAs processes and services according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the DiAs system including applications and communication functions according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 shows an example implementation of the DiAs system on a cell phone platform according to an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an implementation of the DiAs system as a hub for a body sensor network; and

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an example data processing system for implementation of the present invention in whole or in part.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Overview

As shown in FIG. 5, a principal application of the DiAs system is the dynamic aggregation of body sensor network (BSN) data toward the goal of supporting long-term and efficient treatment of diabetes. DiAs is based on a wearable or handheld Diabetes Assistant platform that collects and pre-processes data from each individual's BSN, and uploads summary statistics to a remote location. The interface/algorithmic/methodology framework of DiAs: (i) ensures plug and play functionality with different metabolic sensors, (ii) allows for a general framework for prioritization of sensor data, making it clear how scarce computational, memory, and communication resources will be allocated to various sensing modalities, (iii) manages access to multiple uplink channels of varying reliability to a remote site, and (iv) resolves tradeoffs relating to where heavy computations should be performed (e.g., locally within the DiAs platform or remotely).

DiAs Inputs and Outputs

FIG. 1 presents the data sources available to the DiAs platform and the output services that DiAs provides. The data sources include SMBG, CGM, insulin delivery data (MDI and CSII), and other BSN data inputs such as heart rate, body accelerometer data, blood pressure, respiration, EKG data, etc. Depending on data availability (intermittent or continuous, blood glucose alone, or a multivariate data stream), DiAs provides different types of services that can be generally classified as:

-   -   Local Services: Applications that run on a portable device (e.g.         a cell phone or tablet computer) communicating with an array of         self-SMBG monitoring and CGM devices, an array of insulin         delivery devices, and with other sensors in a BSN. The local         service of DiAs is equipped with intelligent processing to         provide an array of patient services, including safety         supervision, local alerts, patient advisory functions, and         closed-loop control (described further below);     -   Global Services: A centralized server communicating with         multiple local services to provide different levels of data         processing, advice, and training to patients; enable remote         monitoring of glucose control profiles (e.g. parents monitoring         remotely their children with diabetes); enable global alerts         (e.g. a 911 call with GPS service to pinpoint a patient in need         of emergency assistance), and to provide a physician-oriented         information service presenting key data for multiple patients at         a glance.

DiAs Processes

The general flow of DiAs processes is presented in FIG. 2 and includes the following steps:

-   -   1. Incoming data are directed to a Data Availability Classifier         (DAC), which assesses the frequency, dimensionality, and quality         of the incoming data. Based on the assessment, the DAC         recommends different classes of data processing algorithms for         the incoming data. Many of these algorithms already exist and         are generally known, and can be classified as follows:         -   SMBG: This is currently the most established algorithmic             class, including methods for the retrieval of SMBG data,             evaluation of glycemic control, estimation of the risk for             hypoglycemia, and information displays. SMBG acquisition and             processing methods are described in several U.S. patents and             published patent applications (see references [79-85]             incorporated herein by reference). A 5-year clinical trial             testing a SMBG-based system in 120 people with T1DM was             recently completed, resulting in improved glycemic control,             reduction of the risk for severe hypoglycemia, and high             patient approval rating (results published in [86]);         -   CGM: Key elements applicable to these methods have been             defined (references [87-92]). These methods are currently             under development and testing in a large NIH-funded research             project (Grant RO1 DK 085623, Principal Investigator Dr.             Boris Kovatchev);         -   CGM+insulin pump: Most of the methods applicable to CGM             alone have extensions capable of dealing with input/output             to/from an insulin pump. We have recently completed an             extensive series of clinical trials of closed-loop control             to date.         -   Other: Heart rate changes can be used to indicate periods of             physical activity, and more specifically periods of             increased insulin sensitivity associated with exercise.             These data inform diabetes control at several levels,             including risk assessment for hypoglycemia and closed-loop             control [93,94].     -   2. The first step of data processing is Patient State         Estimation, given available data and using one of the methods         described above. The state estimation results in assessment of         the patient's risk status, which can be based on the risk         analysis metrics presented in the background discussion above,         and on biosystem observers or sensors, which process physiologic         (and possibly behavioral) data to produce quantitative biosystem         state estimators. These algorithms or methods are based on         underlying mathematical models of the human metabolism and a         Kalman filter, which produces system state estimation. Each         system state estimator is a physiological or behavioral         parameter of importance to the functioning of a person. The         ensemble (vector) of biosystem estimators for a particular         person represents the status of this person in terms of the         blood glucose trend, availability of insulin, and risk for         hypoglycemia. In essence, biosystem observers personalize the         metabolic observation to a specific subject and extract         composite information from the vast array of raw data that         allows the precise evaluation of the subject's condition. It is         anticipated that the biosystem observers will reside within a         wearable DiAs system, while their summarized output will be sent         to both the local predictive and control algorithms or methods         and to remote observers as follows:     -   The primary output from the Patient State Estimation will be         assessment of the patient's risk status for hypo- or         hyperglycemia, based on the risk analysis and the LBGI/HBGI         presented above. If the data quality and density is adequate for         the risk status of the patient (e.g. the patient is in a steady         state performing regular SMBG resulting in LBGI and HBGI lower         than certain preset thresholds), then DiAs refers the data to         algorithms that maintain the current patient status or fine-tune         the patient's glycemic control. These algorithms can work in         either an advisory or automated (closed-loop control) mode as         follows:         -   In advisory mode, DiAs activates the following services             modules:             -   Advisory Module 1: Prediction of elevated risk for                 hypoglycemia (24 hours ahead);             -   Advisory Module 2: Bolus calculator suggesting pre-meal                 insulin doses;             -   Advisory Module 3: Suggestion of basal rate profiles for                 the next 24 hours.         -   In closed-loop control mode, DiAs activates the following             service modules:             -   Control Module 1: Real-time detection and prevention of                 hypoglycemia;             -   Control Module 2: Stochastic control of pre-meal insulin                 boluses, and             -   Control Module 3: Deterministic control of basal rate                 and overnight steady state.     -   If the data quality and density is inadequate for the risk         status of the patient (e.g. the patient is at high risk for         hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or both as indicated by the LBGI         and HBGI exceeding certain preset thresholds), then:         -   In advisory mode, DiAs recommends enhanced monitoring (e.g.             more frequent SMBG or switching to CGM for a certain period             of time);         -   In automated control mode, DiAs switches the monitoring             device to higher frequency SMBG measurement or to CGM mode             (Note: such flexible monitoring devices are not currently             manufactured, but are anticipated to be available in the             future).

FIG. 3 presents a detailed schematic of the DiAs architecture:

-   -   Central to this architecture is the Biometric State Estimator,         which is the hub for exchange of data between the DiAs         monitoring devices and algorithmic services or related methods.         The Biometric State Estimator may also exchange data with remote         physicians and/or patient care centers over the Internet through         a network interface;     -   The inputs used for state estimation are provided by various         peripheral devices that monitor blood glucose fluctuations (SMBG         Service, CGM Service), execute insulin delivery (Pump Service),         or monitor other physiological parameters (Heart Rate Service,         Esc. Service) as shown in FIG. 3;     -   In turn, the Biometric State Estimator provides feedback to         these devices as determined by a Safety Service, which assesses         the integrity of the received data and judges whether the         peripheral input/output devices are functioning properly.         Methods employed by the Safety Service include previously         introduced detection of CGM sensor errors [91] or judging the         safety of insulin delivery [92];     -   DiAs Applications may include various advisory and/or control         algorithms, system and patient state alarms and indicators.         These applications may be external to the DiAs system, and may         be developed by third parties. Such applications may use DiAs         services provided that they comply with the data exchange         standards of the system. For example, a Hyperglycemia Mitigation         Service (HMS) is a closed-loop control algorithm or method         included in one of the embodiments of DiAs;

The user interface with the DiAs system can be custom designed to meet the needs of specific DiAs implementations. One such implementation of a user interface is shown in FIG. 4:

-   -   Two “traffic lights” signify the patient's present risk status         for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively, indicating low         risk (green light), moderate risk/system action to mitigate the         risk (yellow light) and high risk/necessity for immediate human         intervention (red light);     -   Several system/patient status inquiry icons open additional         interfaces allowing the patient to access graphical and         numerical representation of his/her glucose control, or inform         the system of events (such as carbohydrate intake or exercise),         which are treated as additional inputs by the DiAs analytical         system;     -   Network service (described in the next section) ensures remote         monitoring and transmission of alerts and critical information         in high-risk states.

Implementation of DiAs

FIG. 5 shows two major components of a DiAs implementation as a Body Sensor Network:

-   -   Local Services (within the wearable/portable DiAs device) use         predictive and control algorithms or methods based on simplified         models of the human metabolic system that are trackable in real         time. These are simple, typically linearized macro-level models         that focus only on the principal system components. One example         of such a model is the classic Minimal Model of Glucose Kinetics         developed 30 years ago [95]. Available algorithms or methods         include assessment, prediction, and control of glucose         fluctuations in diabetes:         -   Risk analysis of metabolic state with respect to normative             limits;         -   Detection of abrupt system changes, i.e. transitions of the             system (person) from a stable to a critical state;         -   Prediction of trends and gradual system changes, and outcome             evaluation;         -   Estimation of the probability for abrupt critical             transitions;         -   Warnings, alarms, and advisory messages when critical             thresholds are approached;         -   Automated intervention to prevent critical events;         -   Communication to remote location and global algorithms or             methods.     -   As shown in FIG. 5, a portable DiAs device (such as shown in         FIG. 4) is communicatively connected (e.g. wirelessly through a         wireless communication protocol such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11,         etc.) to a plurality of BSN sensors, such as an ICP sensor, ECG         sensor, blood pressure sensor, pulse oximetry sensor, inertial         sensor, EMG sensor, artificial pancreas sensor, etc.         Additionally, the DiAs device may have an interface to accept         SMBG data.     -   Global services rely on predictive and control algorithms or         methods deployed at a central location and receiving information         from an array of individual system observers. These algorithms         or methods will be based on large-scale probability models, risk         analysis, clustering, and discriminant algorithms or methods.         The output of these algorithms or methods will allow:         -   The monitoring of vital signs and metabolic processes by             health care providers;         -   The detection of critical cases that require immediate             intervention;         -   Collection of population-level anonymous public health             statistics of interest to health care organizations.     -   Software/Hardware Implementation: Central to DiAs is a scalable         software stack with a modular design that can be efficiently         adapted to a variety of hardware platforms. The software         architecture, the availability of suitable hardware platforms         and opportunities to transfer software modules to commercial         partners will factor into the choice of DiAs operating systems.         For clinical trials and ambulatory implementation, hardware is         needed that is portable, rugged, reliable, inexpensive and         easily available. In this regard, a cell phone or a tablet         computer could be selected. Consequently, the DiAs system may         run within a customized version of the Android operating system.         Android has a robust development environment, is available with         source code, is backed by Google and runs on an ever-increasing         array of cell phones and tablets from a variety of         manufacturers. Android is being adopted by many commercial         developers for new embedded software projects. Although many         current products with embedded control software either have no         operating system at all or use a simple control loop the trend         is towards basing new embedded software projects on Android and         embedded Linux. Since Android is built on top of Linux, an         Android-based operating system for DiAs would allow transfer of         software code to industry partners for commercial use. Android         also provides a rich software development kit that supports         multi-touch graphical user interface design, data         communications, geo-location and telephony. Specifically:         -   At the highest level the AAPP Software Stack is composed of             three major functional blocks: Device I/O Services, Core             Services, and Control. As described above, FIG. 3 presents a             diagram of the software stack depicting these blocks.         -   Device I/O Services handles all communication with sensors,             pumps and other devices and provides a data interface to             other elements of the system. The Device I/O modules store             SMBG, CGM, and delivered insulin data and provide it to             other components upon request.         -   Device I/O modules also implement a sensor and pump command             service that validates and delivers commands received from             the Safety Service.         -   Core Services is responsible for providing a runtime             environment for applications such as the Closed-Loop Control             App or the User Advice App and for supervising their             operation. It generates state estimates based upon available             data and provides this data to applications upon request.         -   Safety Service screens insulin bolus commands for safety             before delivering them to the pump module and monitors the             functioning of I/O devices detecting errors and potentially             unsafe deviations.     -   While a preferred operating system has been discussed above, it         will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the DiAs         system may be implemented using any operating system that has         features necessary to implement the DiAs system as contemplated         above.

Turning now to FIG. 6, a functional block diagram is shown for a computer system 600 for exemplary implementation of an embodiment or portion of an embodiment of the present invention. For example, a method or system of an embodiment of the present invention may be implemented using hardware, software or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems, such as personal digit assistants (PDAs) equipped with adequate memory and processing capabilities. In an example embodiment, the invention was implemented in software running on a general purpose computer 600 as illustrated in FIG. 6. The computer system 600 may includes one or more processors, such as processor 604. The Processor 604 is connected to a communication infrastructure 606 (e.g., a communications bus, cross-over bar, or network). The computer system 600 may include a display interface 602 that forwards graphics, text, and/or other data from the communication infrastructure 606 (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on the display unit 630. Display unit 630 may be digital and/or analog.

The computer system 600 may also include a main memory 608, preferably random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 610. The secondary memory 610 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 612 and/or a removable storage drive 614, representing a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, etc. The removable storage drive 614 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 618 in a well known manner. Removable storage unit 618, represents a floppy disk, magnetic tape, optical disk, etc. which is read by and written to by removable storage drive 614. As will be appreciated, the removable storage unit 618 includes a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.

In alternative embodiments, secondary memory 610 may include other means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system 600. Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit 622 and an interface 620. Examples of such removable storage units/interfaces include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as a ROM, PROM, EPROM or EEPROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 622 and interfaces 620 which allow software and data to be transferred from the removable storage unit 622 to computer system 600.

The computer system 600 may also include a communications interface 624. Communications interface 124 allows software and data to be transferred between computer system 600 and external devices. Examples of communications interface 624 may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port (e.g., serial or parallel, etc.), a PCMCIA slot and card, a modem, etc. Software and data transferred via communications interface 624 are in the form of signals 628 which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical or other signals capable of being received by communications interface 624. Signals 628 are provided to communications interface 624 via a communications path (i.e., channel) 626. Channel 626 (or any other communication means or channel disclosed herein) carries signals 628 and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, blue tooth, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link, an infrared link, wireless link or connection and other communications channels.

In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media or medium such as various software, firmware, disks, drives, removable storage drive 614, a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 612, and signals 628. These computer program products (“computer program medium” and “computer usable medium”) are means for providing software to computer system 600. The computer program product may comprise a computer useable medium having computer program logic thereon. The invention includes such computer program products. The “computer program product” and “computer useable medium” may be any computer readable medium having computer logic thereon.

Computer programs (also called computer control logic or computer program logic) are may be stored in main memory 608 and/or secondary memory 610. Computer programs may also be received via communications interface 624. Such computer programs, when executed, enable computer system 600 to perform the features of the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable processor 604 to perform the functions of the present invention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of computer system 600.

In an embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 600 using removable storage drive 614, hard drive 612 or communications interface 624. The control logic (software or computer program logic), when executed by the processor 604, causes the processor 604 to perform the functions of the invention as described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is implemented primarily in hardware using, for example, hardware components such as application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of the hardware state machine to perform the functions described herein will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).

In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using a combination of both hardware and software.

In an example software embodiment of the invention, the methods described above may be implemented in SPSS control language or C++ programming language, but could be implemented in other various programs, computer simulation and computer-aided design, computer simulation environment, MATLAB, or any other software platform or program, windows interface or operating system (or other operating system) or other programs known or available to those skilled in the art.

REFERENCES

The following patents, applications and publications as listed below and throughout this document are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

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The devices, systems, computer program products, and methods of various embodiments of the invention disclosed herein may utilize aspects disclosed in the following references, applications, publications and patents and which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety:

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1-40. (canceled)
 41. A system for treating a patient with insulin, the patient suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), by managing glycemic control of the patient, the system comprising: a computer processor that includes: a patient state estimation module configured to process input data, from one or more of a plurality of diverse glucose measurement devices, one or more of a plurality of diverse insulin devices, or other physiological data of a patient, in accordance with at least one data processing algorithm corresponding to a classification of the input data, wherein the classification is based on frequency, dimensionality, and quality of the input data; a patient risk status module configured to determine a level of risk of a patient with respect to one or more glycemic states using processed data from said patient state estimation module; and an output module configured to output control signals for at least one of a blood glucose measurement device or an insulin delivery device, the control signals being based on the level of risk determined by said patient risk status module.
 42. A system as set forth in claim 41, comprising at least one of: a diverse blood glucose measurement device including a self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) device or a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device; or a diverse insulin delivery device including a multiple daily insulin injection pump or a continuous subcutaneous insulin injection pump.
 43. A system as set forth in claim 41, wherein said input data is classified as one of SMBG data, SMBG plus insulin pump data, CGM data, or CGM plus insulin pump data.
 44. A system as set forth in claim 41, comprising: an input module configured to receive data from any one or combination of a heart rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, an accelerometer sensor, an ECG/EKG sensor, or a heart rate sensor.
 45. A system as set forth in claim 44, wherein said input module is configured to receive data from a plurality of different physiological sensors for a patient, said plurality of sensors forming a body sensor network.
 46. A system as set forth in claim 41, comprising: a telecommunications module configured to communicate patient status data to any one or combination of a remote health care provider, an emergency responder, or a public health care organization.
 47. A system as set forth in claim 41, comprising: a diabetes management or control application module downloaded from a third party source.
 48. A system as set forth in claim 42, comprising: a safety service module configured to analyze data from at least one insulin injection pump to determine an operational state of said pump from said data analysis.
 49. A system as set forth in claim 48, wherein said safety service module is configured to screen insulin bolus commands for safety prior to said commands being delivered to said insulin injection pump.
 50. A system as set forth in claim 41, wherein said system is implemented on a cell phone.
 51. A system as set forth in claim 41, wherein said system is implemented on a tablet computer.
 52. A system as set forth in claim 41, wherein said output module configures said control signals to cause monitoring of a patient to be modified from a current level of monitoring to a higher level of monitoring in dependence on a determined risk status of said patient and a determination of data quality and/or density.
 53. A system as set forth in claim 41, wherein said output module configures said control signals to carry out closed-loop control of insulin delivery to a patient in dependence on a determined risk status of said patient.
 54. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for treating a patient with insulin, the patient suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), by managing glycemic control of the patient, the storage medium comprising instructions for: processing input data, from one or more of a plurality of diverse glucose measurement devices, one or more of a plurality of diverse insulin devices, or other physiological data of a patient, in accordance with at least one data processing algorithm corresponding to a classification of the input data, wherein the classification is based on frequency, dimensionality, and quality of the input data; determining a level of risk of a patient with respect to one or more glycemic states using the processed data to generate patient status data; and outputting control signals to control at least one of a blood glucose measurement device or an insulin delivery device, the control signals being based on the determined level of risk.
 55. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, comprising at least one of: a blood glucose measurement device including a self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) device or a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device; or a diverse insulin delivery device including a multiple daily insulin injection pump or a continuous subcutaneous insulin injection pump.
 56. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, wherein said input data is classified as one of SMBG data, SMBG plus insulin pump data, CGM data, or CGM plus insulin pump data.
 57. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, comprising: instructions for receiving input data from any one or combination of a heart rate sensor, a blood pressure sensor, an accelerometer sensor, an ECG/EKG sensor, or a heart rate sensor.
 58. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, comprising: instructions for receiving input data from a plurality of different physiological sensors for a patient, said plurality of sensors forming a body sensor network.
 59. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, comprising: instructions for communicating patient status data, via a telecommunications network, to any one or combination of: a remote health care provider, an emergency responder, or a public health care organization.
 60. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, comprising: diabetes management or control application instructions provided by a third party source.
 61. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 55, comprising: instructions for analyzing data from at least one insulin injection pump to determine an operational state of said pump from said data analysis.
 62. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 61, comprising: instructions for screening insulin bolus commands for safety prior to said commands being delivered to an insulin injection pump.
 63. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, wherein said medium is installed on a cell phone.
 64. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, wherein said medium is installed on a tablet computer.
 65. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, wherein said outputting provides control signals to cause monitoring of a patient to be modified from a current level of monitoring to a higher level of monitoring in dependence on a determined patient risk status and a determination of data quality and/or density.
 66. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium as set forth in claim 54, wherein said control signals are provided to carry out closed-loop control of insulin delivery to a patient in dependence on a determined patient risk status.
 67. A system for treating a patient with insulin, the patient suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM), by managing glycemic control of the patient, the system comprising: a computer processor configured to: process input data, from one or more of a plurality of diverse glucose measurement devices, one or more of a plurality of diverse insulin devices, or other physiological data of a patient, in accordance with at least one data processing algorithm corresponding to a classification of the input data, wherein the classification is based on frequency, dimensionality, and quality of the input data; determine a level of risk of a patient with respect to one or more glycemic states by processing the data to generate patient status data; and control at least one of a blood glucose measurement device or an insulin delivery device based on the determined level of risk.
 68. The system of claim 41, wherein the output module is configured to output advisory messages that include insulin dosage information and patient alerts.
 69. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 54, comprising: instructions for outputting advisory messages that include insulin dosage information and patient alerts.
 70. The system of claim 67, comprising: a computer processor configured to output advisory messages that include insulin dosage information and patient alerts. 